Which disorder is most likely to result in exophthalmos?

Exophthalmos, or proptosis, refers to the abnormal protrusion of the eye. The condition is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which occurs in individuals with hyperthyroidism. In this disorder, autoimmune inflammation affects the muscles, fat, and connective tissue around the eyes, causing them to swell and pushing the eyeball forward.

Thyroid eye disease is characterized by this swelling leading to exophthalmos, along with other symptoms such as eyelid retraction and double vision. The connection between the thyroid gland and eye muscles is significant, as the disease often occurs concurrently with thyroid dysfunction.

Other disorders listed do not typically lead to exophthalmos. While a hematoma could cause localized swelling, it usually does not involve the entire orbit or result in the significant protrusion of the eye. Retinal detachment primarily affects the retina and does not cause changes in the position of the eyeball. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, and although it can lead to redness and swelling of the eye, it does not cause protrusion of the eyeball. Thus, thyroid eye disease is the most relevant condition leading to exophthalmos.